James C. Scott's 'Against the Grain' challenges the traditional narrative of the transition from hunter-gatherers to farmers, presenting a counter-narrative supported by archaeological and historical evidence. The book explores the complexities and costs of agriculture, including its impact on health and the environment, and questions the inevitability of state formation.
James C. Scott's 'Against the Grain' offers a thought-provoking perspective on the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural ones. The book challenges the conventional view of this transition as a straightforward progression, highlighting the significant drawbacks and complexities involved. Scott argues that the shift to agriculture was not primarily driven by the need for food stores but rather by the labor-light variant of flood-retreat agriculture. The book also explores how domestication of plants and animals led to a mutual dependence, with humans investing considerable time and labor into tending to them. The idea that domestication led to sedentism and agriculture is outdated, as sedentism preceded domestication. Agriculture and animal husbandry came with a suite of costs, particularly epidemiological, introducing mankind to new diseases. Despite these challenges, for reasons not fully understood, societies transitioned to agriculture. Scott also highlights the role of grains in the formation of early states, noting their ease of taxation, measurement, and divisibility. However, these early states were fragile and often short-lived due to disease, climate fluctuations, and ecological consequences. Overall, the book provides a nuanced and critical examination of the rise of early states and the complexities of human societal development.
Quick quotes
Scott tackles this subject from many angles, summarising accumulating archaeological and historical evidence to provide a fine counter-narrative.
The idea that domestication led to sedentism and agriculture is outdated.
Despite this, for reasons that are still not properly understood (maybe environmental) we nevertheless transitioned to agriculture.